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• - Survey of logical systems with a continuum of truth values; by Petr Hajek.
  
• - By Edwin D. Mares, Victoria University of Wellington.
  
• - How quantum mechanics can be regarded as a non-classical probabilistic calculus; by Alexander Wilce.
  
• - Life and work of French Cartesian philosopher; by Tad Schmaltz.
  
• - Discussion of Aristotle's ethical views; by Richard Kraut.
  
• - By Robert M. Gordon, University of Missouri.
  
• - The theories of proprietates terminorum was the basis of medieval semantic theory; by Stephen Read.
  
• - Discusses implications of general relativity for the philosophy of time; by Steven Savitt.
  
• - By Thomas Williams, University of Iowa.
  
• - Does the world contain undesirable states of affairs that provide the basis for an argument that makes it unreasonable for anyone to believe in the existence of God?; by Michael Tooley.
  
• - The theistic thesis that God has maximal power; by Joshua Hoffman and Gary Rosenkrantz.
  
• - Article on the ethics of war and peace, the Just War theory, and pacificsm. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Brian D. Orend.
  
• - Survey of views on the social dimension of knowledge; by Alvin Goldman.
  
• - Survey of theories according to which knowledge and justified belief rest ultimately on a foundation of noninferential knowledge or justified belief. By Richard Fumerton of the University of Iowa.
  
• - The result of a process of reflection on an area of (moral) inquiry, a notion figuring prominently in Rawls' Theory of Justice; by Norman Daniels.
  
• - The hole argument is an attempt to illustrate how spacetime substantivalism causes errors in a large class of spacetime theories. By John D. Norton of the University of Pittsburgh.
  
• - Survey of attempts to draw the distinction between concrete and abstract objects; by Gideon Rosen.
  
• - Life and work of 19th century Austrian philosopher; by Dan Breazeale.
  
• - Survey of Aristotle's logical work, focus on the "Organon," syllogistic, and dialectic. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Robin Smith.
  
• - Life and work of 19th century English philosopher and proponent of women's rights; by Dale E. Miller.
  
• - By Stewart Candlish of the University of Western Australia.
  
• - View that puts processes at the center of metaphysics; by Nicholas Rescher.
  
• - Survey of the dynamical reduction program; by Giancarlo Ghirardi.
  
• - By Fred D'Agostino.
  
• - Discussion of Franz Brentano's foundation for logic and epistemology; by Johannes Brandl.
  
• - By Allan Franklin, University of Colorado.
  
• - Discussion of Plato's views on metaphysics and the theory of knowledge, including his theory of forms; by Allan Silverman.
  
• - Article on Turing Machines from the Stanford Encyclopedia.
  
• - Philosophical justifications of punishment; by Hugo Adam Bedau.
  
• - By Risto Hilpinen of the University of Miami.
  
• - Life and work of this German Enlightenment philosopher; by Gwen Griffith-Dickson.
  
• - By Greg Restall of Macquarie University.
  
• - Discussion of notion of verisimilitude, closeness to truth; by Graham Oddie.
  
• - Interpretations of René Descartes' ontology of necessities and possibilities; by David Cunning.
  
• - By Roberto Torretti, Universidad de Chile.
  
• - Discussion of philosophical implications of Christian theological views; by Michael Murray.
  
• - By Terence Parsons.
  
• - The thesis that science discovers truths about a theory-independent reality; by Richard Boyd.
  
• - Philosophical theories about the difference between animals and humans responsible for the moral status of humans. By Lori Gruen.
  
• - Survey of game-theoretical approaches to logic; by Wilfrid Hodges.
  
• - Qualia are introspectively accessible, phenomenal aspects of our mental lives. By Michael Tye.
  
• - To say that propositions are structured is to say that they are complex entities, entities having parts or constituents. By Jeffrey C. King.
  
• - First interpretation of quantum mechanics due to Nields Bohr; by Jan Faye.
  
• - Philosophical theories about judgments of taste; by Nick Zangwill.
  
• - Realism and the representation problem; by Drew Khlentzos.
  
• - The life and work of the Chinese philosopher and educatory; by Jeffrey Riegel.
  
• - Influential 17th century British political philosopher.
  
• - By William Sweet of St. Francis Xavier University.
  
• - Life and work of medieval philosopher and member of the Modists; by Jack Zupko.
  
• - Recounts the principal and distinctive claims of Aristotle's psychological writings, especially "De Anima." By Christopher Shields of the University of Colorado.
  
• - By Randolph Clarke.
  
• - Life and work of 18th century English philosopher; by Michael Gill.
  
• - The principles L. E. J. Brouwer used in developing his intuitionistic mathematics. By Joan R. Moschovakis, UCLA.
  
• - Discusses philosophical views about cosmology in the 1930s and 1940s; by George Gale.
  
• - By Barry Miller.
  
• - Introduction to logical form, surface and deep meaning. By Paul M. Pietroski, University of Maryland.
  
• - By Steven T. Kuhn of Georgetown University.
  
• - Von Neumann and Morgensterns mathematical theory of bargaining, introduced by Don Ross University of Cape Town.
  
• - The view that people should get the same or be treated the same; by Richard Arneson.
  
• - From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Anthony Celano.
  
• - Ontological arguments are arguments, for the conclusion that God exists, from premisses which are supposed to derive from some source other than observation of the world. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Graham Oppy.
  
• - Occam (1287-1347) was one of the most important philosophers of the Middle Ages. By Paul Vincent Spade.
  
• - Assesses the metaphysical implications of quantum theory by considering the impact of the theory on our understanding of objects as individuals with well defined identity conditions. By Steven French of Leeds University.
  
• - Survey of Scottish Enlightenment philosophers, including Francis Hutcheson, Henry Home (Lord Kames), and George Campbell; by lexander Broadie.
  
• - Life and work of 19th centuruy American logician and philosopher; by Robert Burch.
  
• - Jeff Malpas of the University of Tamania.
  
• - Edward N. Zalta of the Metaphysics Research Lab.
  
• - Short article by Roberto Casati of the École Polytechnique and Achille C. Varzi of Columbia.
  
• - Theory about the permissibility of non-consensual force violating property rights in external things and oneself; by Peter Vallentyne.
  
• - Life and work of 20th century German philosopher and critical theorist; by Lambert Zuidervaart.
  
• - Life and work of 19th century German philosopher; by Douglas Moggach.
  
• - The view that there are objects which are the same F yet not the same G; by Harry Deutsch.
  
• - Survey of divine command theory; by Mark Murphy.
  
• - By Robert M. Martin, Dalhousie University.
  
• - By George Graham of University of Alabama at Birmingham.
  
• - By Peter Forrest.
  
• - Life and work of 18th century Scottish philosopher; by William Edward Morris.
  
• - Infinitary Logic is a branch of formal logic where finitary formulae are replaced by potentially infinitary mathematical entities. By John L. Bell.
  
• - Survey of forms of scepticism about moral knowledge; Walter Sinnott-Armstrong.
  
• - Life and work of 19th century British legal philosopher and founder of legal positivism; by Brian Bix.
  
• - By Mark Colyvan, University of Tasmania.
  
• - Discussion of integrity as a virtue term; by Damian Cox, Marguerite La Caze, and Michael Levine.
  
• - Life and work of late Medieval philosopher; by Jack Zupko.
  
• - By Eric M. Hammer of Stanford.
  
• - Survey of work of, among others, Christian Thomasius and Christian Wolff; by Brigitte Sassen.
  
• - The thesis that propositions are made true in virtue of corresponding to facts; by Marian David.
  
• - Life and Work of Robert Holcot, 14th Century English philosopher and theologian; by Hester Gelber.
  
• - Discussion of theory reduction in science; by Robert Batterman.
  
• - Life and work of 19th century German philosopher; by Robert Wicks.
  
• - The doctrine that God cannot undergo real change; by Brian Leftow.
  
• - Stoicism was one of the new philosophical movements of the Hellenistic period. By Dirk Baltzly.
  
• - According to the Representational Theory of Mind, psychological states are to be understood as relations between agents and mental representations. By David Pitt, CUNY.
  
• - By Colin Allen of Texas A & M, addressing the qualitative or phenomenological nature of experience.
  
• - Jack Copeland of the University of Canterbury, New Zealand outlines this frequently misunderstood thesis.
  
• - Propositions about a particular object or individual in virtue of having the object or individual as a constituent of the proposition. By G. W. Fitch.
  
• - By Murat Aydede, surveying the arguments for and against the proposition that thoughts are expressed in a mental language.
  
• - Life and work of this 13th-century philosopher, theologian, and lyric poet. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Colleen McCluskey.
  
• - The study of mind and intelligence. By Paul Thagard of the University of Waterloo.
  
• - Life and work of 18th century Scottish philosopher; by Gideon Yaffe.
  
• - The claim that there are no defensible moral principles; by Jonathan Dancy.
  
• - Survey of the work of William Hamilton, James Frederick Ferrier, and Alexander Bain; by Gordon Graham.
  
• - Discussion of the distinction between knowledge and craft, or art in ancient philosophy; by Richard Parry.
  
• - Philosophical survey of the idea that government should be limited in its powers by law; by Wil Waluchow.
  
• - Introduced by Jon Pérez Laraudogoitia from the University of the Basque Country.
  
• - Life and work of 14th century French theologian; by Christopher Schabel.
  
• - The theory of parthood relations: of the relations of part to whole and the relations of part to part within a whole; by Achille Varzi.
  
• - Bertrand Russell, Wesley Salmon, and conserved quantities. By Phil Dowe of the University of Tasmania.
  
• - Historical survey of the concept of moral responsibility; by Andrew Eshleman.
  
• - Definition of Pantheism by Michael P. Levine of the University of Western Australia.
  
• - Discussion of philosophical issues about death; by Steven Luper.
  
• - Life and work of 13th century Italian poet and philosopher; by Winthrop Wetherbee.
  
• - John Bickle discusses the contention that a given mental kind (property, state, event) is realized by distinct physical kinds.
  
• - Life and work of fourth century BC Greek mathematician, political leader and philosopher; by Carl Huffman.
  
• - Life and work of 17th century Irish philosopher and physicist; by J. J. McIntosh, University of Calgary.
  
• - Approaches to geometry that do not presuppose an infinity of points; by Jean-Paul van Bendegem.
  
• - Survey of philosophical views about privacy; by Judith DeCew.
  
• - Metaphysical and epistemological accounts of color. By Barry Maund of the University of Western Australia.
  
• - By Stewart Candlish from the University of Western Australia.
  
• - Explores semantic accounts of propositional attitude reports, and some of the theories developed to deal with Frege's puzzle. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Thomas J. McKay.
  
• - Survey of medieval views concerning the nature and ontological status of relations; by Jeffrey Brower.
  
• - By Frank Arntzenius of Rutgers.
  
• - Survey of naturalistic epistemology which emphasizes importance of natural selection; by Michael Bradie and William Harms
  
• - Life and work of German philosopher of egoism; by David Leopold.
  
• - Survey of theories on legal reasoning; by Julie Dickson.
  
• - Essay about Kierkegaard's life, work, and philosophy by William McDonald.
  
• - The historical development and conceptual structure of philosophical analysis; by Michael Beaney.
  
• - Life and work of 17th century French philosopher; by Kurt Smith.
  
• - How does a person stay the same person over time? By Eric T. Olson.
  
• - Life and work of one of the most original and interesting philosophers of the later Middle Ages. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Robert Pasnau.
  
• - Bernard Linsky, University of Alberta.
  
• - Detailed biographical article by B. Jack Copeland of the University of Canterbury.
  
• - Discussion of a semantic paradox due to Haskell B. Curry; by J. C. Beall.
  
• - Philosophical issues in homosexuality and queer theory; by Brent Pickett.
  
• - By Roy Sorensen.
  
• - Discussion of analysis of causal statements in terms of counterfactual conditionals; by Peter Menzies.
  
• - Peter Forrest introduces the principle of analytic ontology formulated by Leibniz, stating that no two distinct substances exactly resemble each other.
  
• - Life and work of contemporary and critic of Kant; by Peter Thielke and Yitzhak Melamed.
  
• - Survey by Jenann Ismael.
  
• - Life and work of 13th century logician and author of the Tractatus; by Joke Spruyt.
  
• - By Edward N. Zalta of Stanford University.
  
• - Life and work of 19th century American philosopher; by Russell Goodman.
  
• - By Jay F. Rosenberg.
  
• - Gerald F. Gaus outlines the general philosophical theory of liberalism.
  
• - By Graham Priest and Koji Tanaka.
  
• - Robert Wicks, University of Auckland.
  
• - By Nigel Thomas of Leeds University.
  
• - The view that all human beings belong to a single community; by Pauline Kleingeld and Eric Brown.
  
• - Jean-Pierre Marquis of the University of Montreal introduces the general mathematical theory of structures and systems of structures.
  
• - Life and work of Saadya Gaon (Saadya ben Joseph, known in Arabic as Sa'id ‘ibn Yusuf al-Fayyûmî, 10th century theologian, philosopher and rabbi; by Sarah Pessin.
  
• - By Robert Young, La Trobe University.
  
• - By James Robert Brown, University of Toronto.
  
• - Augustine's doctrine described by Robert Pasnau of the University of Colorado.
  
• - Survey of analyses of the concept of knowledge, including justified true belief and the Gettier problem; by Matthias Steup.
  
• - By Carsten Held.
  
• - Life and work of French Enlightenment philosoher; by Michael LeBuffe.
  
• - Survey of philosophical theories about what it is to govern oneself; by Sarah Buss.
  
• - Philosophical theories about what it is to be a law; by John W. Carroll.
  
• - The doctrine that mind is a fundamental feature of the world which exists throughout the universe; by William Seager.
  
• - Aristotle's notions of category and substance; by S. Marc Cohen.
  
• - Discusses naturalistic theses in the philosophy of law; by Brian Leiter.
  
• - An argument due to Blaise Pascal for believing, or for at least taking steps to believe, in God. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Alan Hájek.
  
• - "Probabilistic Causation" designates a group of philosophical theories that aim to characterize the relationship between cause and effect using the tools of probability theory. A primary motivation for the development of such theories is the de
  
• - The thesis that there are no merely possible entities; by Christopher Menzel.
  
• - Discusses the view that mental events are caused by physical events in the brain, but have no effects upon any physical events. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by William S. Robinson.
  
• - Theories about intentional action and agency; by George Wilson.
  
• - Theories which explain conscious states by their relations to higher-order representations of them; by Peter Carruthers.
  
• - Life and work of this founder of Neoplatonism; by Lloyd Gerson.
  
• - By A. D. Irvine.
  
• - Deals with the cosmological argument. By John Leslie of the University of Guelph.
  
• - By Rosemarie Tong, Davidson College.
  
• - The philosophical theopry that the mind is, or functions like, a computer; by Steven Horst.
  
• - Discusses cases of conflicting moral requirements; by Terrance McConnell.
  
• - By Robin Le Poidevin.
  
• - Life and work of Polish phenomenologist, ontologist and aesthetician; by Amie Thomasson.
  
• - Discussion of the thesis that everything is physical; by Daniel Stoljar.
  
• - By Colin Allen of Texas A & M.
  
• - Life and work of 14th century German logician and philosopher; by Joël Biard.
  
• - Discussess the impact of social relations and values on scientific research; by Helen Longino.
  
• - By Leo Groarke, Wilfrid Laurier University.
  
• - By Fred D'Agostino, University of New England, Australia.
  
• - History and philosophical accounts of unity of consciousness; by Andrew Brook.
  
• - By A. D. Irvine.
  
• - Describes Everett's attempt to solve the measurement problem by dropping the collapse dynamics from the standard von Neumann-Dirac theory of quantum mechanics. By Jeffrey A. Barrett.
  
• - Exploring Hume's argument and the religious significance. By Michael P. Levine of the University of Western Australia.
  
• - Comprehensive article by Richard Healey of the University of Arizona.
  
• - The truth of any (true) proposition consists in its coherence with some specified set of propositions. By James O. Young.
  
• - William Sweet of St. Francis Xavier University introduces the absolute idealist.
  
• - Discussion of a formula to calculate conditional probabilities which figures in subjectivist approaches to epistemology; by James Joyce.
  
• - Discussion of David Hilbert's development of this type of logical formalism with emphasis on proof-theoretic methods; by Jeremy Avigad and Richard Zach.
  
• - By Michael Mendelson of Lehigh University.
  
• - Justifications of legal punishment; by Antony Duff.
  
• - Survey of work of Thomas Hobbes; by Sharon A. Lloyd.
  
• - By Chris Mortensen, University of Adelaide.
  
• - By Julian Lamont, University of Queensland.
  
• - Philosophical theories on what makes a species; by Marc Ereshefsky.
  
• - Introduction to classical logic, including completeness and Löwenheim-Skolem theorems; by Stewart Shapiro.
  
• - By Lex Newman of the University of Nebraska, Lincoln.
  
• - The view that epistemology is of one piece with natural science; by Richard Feldman.
  
• - The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on the subject, with a detailed description, application areas and a bibliography.
  
• - Views on the moral difference between doing harm and allowing harm; by Frances Howard-Snyder.
  
• - Discussion of Ernst Mally's logic of obligation; by Gert-Jan Lokhorst.
  
• - Social theory and philosophy issues in globalization; by William Scheuerman.
  
• - Historical survey from Babbage onward; by B. Jack Copeland.
  
• - Theory and history of the binary connective 'or'; by Ray Jennings.
  
• - By A. D. Irvine.
  
• - By Ann E. Cudd, University of Kansas.
  
• - By E. Jennifer Ashworth of the University of Waterloo.
  
• - The ability to act on the determinations of conscience is tied to the development of the moral virtues, which in turn refines the functions of conscience. By Doug Langston of the University of South Florida.
  
• - Survey of realism and anti-realism in various forms; by Alexander Miller.
  
• - Survey of justice as a virtue from Plato to Rawls; by Michael Slote.
  
• - Survey of philosophical woories about inconsistencies inherent in the idea of time travel in the context of modern physics. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Tim Maudlin.
  
• - Paul Redding of the University of Sydney.
  
• - Life and work of 14th Century British philosopher, follower of Wyclif and Burley; by Alessandro Conti.
  
• - Discussion of the connection between phenomenal consciousness and intentionality; by Charles Siewert.
  
• - Study of the details and some of the implications of the measurement problem. By Henry Krips of the University of Pittsburgh.
  
• - Timon (c. 320-230 BC) was the younger contemporary and leading disciple of Pyrrho; by Richard Bett.
  
• - Richardus Sophista was an English philosopher/logician who studied at Oxford most likely sometime during the second quarter of the thirteenth century. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Paul Streveler.
  
• - By Simo Knuuttila of the University of Helsinki.
  
• - Life and work of Speusippus of Athens, son of Plato's sister Potone and head of the Academy; by Russell Dancy.
  
• - Discussion of how altruistic behavior by organisms fits with the theory of evolution; by Samir Okasha.
  
• - Article on the life and work of the founder of philosophical anarchism. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Mark Philp.
  
• - Discussion of how sense experience justifies or warrants beliefs about the physical world; by Lawrence BonJour.
  
• - In 1921, David Hilbert made a proposal for a formalist foundation of mathematics, for which a finitary consistency proof should establish the security of mathematics. By Richard Zach.
  
• - An article describing tropes by John Bacon.
  
• - Life and work of early Greek medical writer and philosopher-scientist; by Carl Huffman.
  
• - By Douglas Bridges from Waikato University.
  
• - Epistemological movement based on Bayesian confirmation and decision theory; by William Talbott.
  
• - By Gyula Klima.
  
• - Biographical and expository essay, by Ralph McInerny.
  
• - Philosophical issues related to collective action; by Russell Hardin.
  
• - History of the political activity and theorizing founded in the shared experiences of injustice of members of certain social groups; by Cressida Heyes.
  
• - By Diana Meyers of the University of Connecticut.
  
• - By Elizabeth Anderson.
  
• - By Dominic Hyde.
  
• - By Mark Kulstad and Laurence Carlin.
  
• - Discusses mathematical approaches to normative epistemology; by Oliver Schulte.
  
• - The philosophy of childhood takes up philosophically interesting questions about childhood, about conceptions people have of childhood and attitudes they have toward children; by Gareth Matthews.
  
• - Survey of automated deduction and theorem proving; by Frederic Portoraro.
  
• - An interpretation of quantum theory which discards the notions of absolute state of a system, absolute value of its physical quantities, or absolute event; by Federico Laudisa and Carlo Rovelli.
  
• - Life and work of 17th century Cartesian philosopher; by Patricia Easton.
  
• - The view that normative properties depend only on consequences; by Walter Sinnott-Armstrong.
  
• - Survey article on multiple-valued logics, by Siegfried Gottwaldof of Leipzig University.
  
• - Life and work of 19th century British philosopher; by Laura J. Snyder.
  
• - Discussion of various descriptive and normative definitions of the term; Bernard Gert.
  
• - Survey of theories on the conditions of legal validity including natural law theories and legal positivism; by Andrei Marmor.
  
• - Survey of the algebra of two-valued logic; by J. Donald Monk.
  
• - By Fred D. Miller, Jr of Bowling Green State University.
  
• - Survey of feminist writing on the philosophical canon; by Charlotte Witt.
  
• - Life and work of 20th century American philosopher; by Bjørn Ramberg.
  
• - Two movements in ancient philosophy, Pyrrhonism, and Academic Skepticism. By Leo Groarke.
  
• - Originally the study of deductive behavior of the expressions `it is necessary that' and `it is possible that', now also includes logics for belief, tense, the deontic (moral) expressions. By James W. Garson, University of Houston.
  
• - Life and work of early 20th century Spanish-born American philosopher; by Herman Saatkamp.
  
• - Survey of social and political equality; by Stefan Gosepath.
  
• - Discussion of René Descartes ontological proof of the existence of God; by Lawrence Nolan.
  
• - Branch of ethics dealing with the moral relationship of humans to the environment; by Andrew Brennan and Yeuk-Sze Lo.
  
• - Discussion of one of Aristotle's major works; by Christof Rapp.
  
• - Life and work of 17th century Dutch Rationalist philosopher; by Steven Nadler.
  
• - By Stephen Thornton from the University of Limerick.
  
• - Survey of views on moral impartiality; by Troy Jollimore.
  
• - Discusses introduction of philosophy into the school curriculum; by Michael Pritchard.
  
• - By Allen I. Janis, University of Pittsburgh.
  
• - Evaluates the theory that holds that states and processes of the mind are identical to states and processes of the brain. By J. J. C. Smart of Monash.
  
• - The life and work of the founder of Pyrrhonism; by Richard Bett.
  
• - History and discussion of the notion of the immune self; by Alfred Tauber.
  
• - Aims to establish that conscious experience involves non-physical properties. It is one of the most discussed arguments against physicalism; by Martine Nida-Rümelin.
  
• - Proposal due to Alan Turing for a criterion of the presence of mind or consciousness; by Graham Oppy and David Dowe.
  
• - In-depth article on the life, work, and thought of John Duns Scotus. By Thomas Williams.
  
• - Philosophical theories about the nature of explanation in science; by James Woodward.
  
• - Survey of the mathematical theory of the infinite; by Thomas Jech.
  
• - The view that some or all of the mental states posited by common-sense do not actually exist; by William Ramsey.
  
• - Life and work of 20th Century metaphysician and philosopher of religion; by Dan Dombrowski.
  
• - Moral issues of desert (punishment, success) and justice; by Owen McLeod.
  
• - Frames of reference relative to which motion and rest are measured; by Robert DiSalle.
  
• - Life and work of 15th Century Oxford Realist philosopher; by Alessandro Conti.
  
• - Modern notion of political authority of supreme authority within a territory; by Dan Philpott.
  
• - Life and work of the 18th century German philosopher; by Michael Forster.
  
• - By John Greco of Fordham.
  
• - Life and work of philosopher and mathematician Alan Mathison Turing; by Andrew Hodges.
  
• - Entry by A.D. Irvine discussing Russell and Whitehead's treatise.
  
• - Life and work of 18th century American philosophical theologian; by William Wainwright.
  
• - Entry in the Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy by Chris Swoyer. Principally concerned with existence and identity conditions.
  
• - By Carl Matheson of the University of Manitoba.
  
• - Life and work of 19th century mathematician and philosopher of mathematics; by Ivor Grattan-Guinness and Alison Walsh.
  
• - Dialeth(e)ism is the view that there are true contradictions. By Graham Priest of the University of Queensland.
  
• - Movement in cognitive science which hopes to explain human intellectual abilities using artificial neural networks. By James W. Garson of the University of Houston.
  
• - Theory developed to analyze paradoxes that appear to show that common-sense beliefs about truth are inconsistent. By Eric M. Hammer.
  
• - The original position is a hypothetical situation in which rational calculators, acting as agents or trustees for the interests of concrete individuals, are pictured as choosing those principles of social relations under which their principals would do be
  
• - Discusses the paradoxes of Zeno of Elea, e.g., Achilles and the Tortoise; by Nick Huggett.
  
• - By Ian Ravenscroft, the Flinders University of South Australia.
  
• - Survey of the view that claims of necessity and possibility are to be construed as fictional claims; by Daniel Nolan.
  
• - By John Bickle and Peter Mandik.
  
• - A distinction introduced by W. E. Johnson to apply, e.g., to red and colored; by David H. Sanford.
  
• - Discussion of philosophical issues related to biological diversity; by Daniel P. Faith.
  
• - Survey of philosophical views on the character and status of events; by Roberto Casati and Achille Varzi.
  
• - By Michael J. Murray, Franklin & Marshall College.
  
• - Interpretation of quantum mechanics due to Hugh Everett according to which many universes exist in parallel at the same space and time; by Lev Vaidman.
  
• - Biographical and expository essay by John Preston of Reading University.
  
• - According to the deflationary theory of truth, to assert that a statement is true is just to assert the statement itself. By Daniel Stoljar.
  
• - By William Lycan, University of North Carolina.
  
• - By Lawrence Sklar.
  
• - When a truth-bearer is true, there is a truth-maker with which it is identical and the truth of the former consists in its identity with the latter. By Stewart Candlish.
  
• - Life and work of 18th century Italian philosopher; by Timothy Costelloe.